Marketing Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Project - Essay Example ‘University of Chicago Medical Center’. In present day, the expenditure on health expenses has increased considerably. Advanced technology has made it much easier to test various health scans through imaging center. The imaging center service is a profitable business as people will become sick and thus there will be demand for the imaging scanning services. The report will describe the market analysis as well as the company analysis of University of Chicago Medical Center and its strengths and weaknesses in the health care industry of Chicago, its competitors and market environment. Further, the report will provide an insight about the marketing plan of the services of Cardiac Imaging Center. The marketing plan comprises of marketing mix and forecasted sales of the Cardiac Imaging Center. Table of Contents 1.0 Abstract/Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 2.0 The Challenge 4 3.0 Situation Analysis 4 3.1 Company Analysis 4 3.2 Customer Analysis 5 3.3 Competitor Analysi s 5 3.4 Environmental Analysis 9 3.5 Porter’s Five Forces Model 11 4.0 Market Segmentation 13 5.0 Alternative Marketing Strategy 13 6.0 Selected Marketing Strategy 13 6.1 Product 13 6.2 Price 14 6.3 Distribution/Place 14 6.4 Promotion 15 7.0 Short-Term and Long-Term Projections 15 8.0 Conclusion 17 9.0 References 18 Marketing Project 2.0 The Challenge The challenge of Cardiac Imaging Center of University of Chicago Medical Center is to provide imaging scanning services to the customer with superior quality while maintaining the cost and profitability. The Cardiac Imaging Center will offer solution to various diseases such as heart, lung among others by the experienced doctors and advanced machinery. The University of Chicago Medical Center is already famous for their specialization in Heart, Cancer, Gastroenterology, Diabetes and Neurosurgery. The clients of Cardiac Imaging Center will get advantage from the exceptional teamwork of medical experts. The Cardiac Imaging Center will perform by mutual association of both cardiologists and physicians which will make the cardiac center successful. The Cardiac Imaging Center will implement an incorporated approach for accomplishing the goal to offer accurate test for right person at right moment. Cardiac Imaging Center will provide full range of advanced imaging technologies such as CT scan which is a strong and quick imaging instrument that creates three dimensional pictures of the heart or Cardiac MRI scan which will provide detail picture about the beating of heart (The University of Chicago Medical Center, 2011). 3.0 Situation Analysis 3.1 Company Analysis The University of Chicago Medical Center is known as one of the top hospitals in Chicago city as well as in the USA. With regard to treating diseases such as cancer or diabetes the hospital is listed in the top 50 hospitals. The hospital’s operations are quite transparent and it provides every possible support to the customers regarding any enquir y. According to â€Å"The University HealthSystem Consortium† the University of Chicago Medical Center has effectively displayed performance compared to other medicinal services (The University of Chicago Medical Center, 2011). 3.2 Customer Analysis The facilities of ‘Cardiac Imaging Center’ will target the major insurance agents of insurance companies, famous doctors or physicians and various clinics of Chicago city as they can influence and motivate the patients or customers to use the ‘University of Chicago Medical Center’ for scanning and imaging purposes. The value driver of University of Chicago Medical Center will be to acquire customers through physicians, doctors and insurance agents. The patients will surely go to the imaging center according to their preference. 3.3 Competitor Analysis

The New Negro Movement and Harlem Renaissance Essay Example for Free

The New Negro Movement and Harlem Renaissance Essay American publishers and critics, in the mainstream circle, took significant notice of African American writers and artists in the neighborhood of Harlem in New York City. This cultural revival of African American literature and arts including music and theater came to be known as the Harlem Renaissance. This cultural revolution of sorts began in 1918 at the end of World War I, peaked in the 1920s and continued in the mid-30s. The Harlem Renaissance came about due to several developments among the African Americans. After the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865 waves of Black American migrants flocked from the impoverished agricultural south to the promise of the industrial north to take on various jobs created by the war. Educated and social cause advocates were concentrated in Harlem that eventually made it the political and cultural haven of African Americans. African American literature and arts flourished. Black music and musical artists were popular. Black literary works received excellent reviews and critics’ nod and soon enough, national recognition. The literary works depicted African American life. However, there was diversity in these works. There was no style or ideology common in them. Their only desire was to express and tell their audience about the African American life. In the 1910s the African Americans were pushing for equal rights and opportunities in their ranks. An inspiring figure in that era was Marcus Mosiah Garvey, who was born in Jamaica. Jobs brought him to most parts of Central America, England and the United States. In those places he saw the distressing working conditions and the hardships experienced by the Blacks. He published the Negro World, a weekly, in Harlem from 1918 to 1933. The paper served as a medium for him to articulate his ideals for the Blacks. It was successful with its 50,000 circulation. It had French and Spanish sections. In addition, he was affiliated with other publications. In 1914, Garvey returned to Jamaica and formed the Universal Negro Movement and Conservation Association and African Communities League or the UNIA, in August 1 of the save year. His objective was to unify the Blacks to create their own country and government. UNIA’s objectives were to promote love and pride for the race, to assist those in need, to re-establish their identity, further education and culture, and open trade and commerce with the world. In 1916 he traveled to the United States to work for making the UNIA an international organization. By 1920 he was successful, UNIA spread in 40 countries with more than 1,100 branches. In 1920, UNIA held its first convention in Harlem which had a great impact on the African American. The convention adopted what would be the start of a Black nationalist movement – The Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World. The New Negro Movement sought to inculcate pride of race, independence and a better life for African Americans. The 54 articles in the Declaration outlined the abuses on the rights of the Blacks. It denounced the discriminatory practice of subordinating blacks below whites; they demanded to spell Negro with a capital N as respect to their race. These paid off and the movement was successful. In 1928, Garvey went to Geneva to present the Petition of the Negro Race to the League of Nations. The petition spoke for all the Blacks around the world. It contained the abuses on Blacks in all parts of the world. It sought not only to bring the cause of the Blacks to the rest of the world but also to seek redress. It exposed the apartheid in South Africa and protested its fitness as administrator of Namibia. The New Negro Movement and the Harlem Renaissance had a common rallying point – the African American race. They pushed for the recognition of the Blacks as equal to any and all other racial groups. They hoped to improve the living conditions, open economic opportunities, and instill pride among its people. The most influential figure of the time was Marcus Gravey who was said to have brought dignity to the Negro. The means to similar ends differed. The artists and writers of the Harlem Renaissance used their music, poetry, and fiction to express in beautiful verses, songs and prose the rich black culture and the aspirations of their race. The movement worked through their organized network. The movement and the renaissance came almost simultaneously because opportunities were better during the era. Harlem was significant to the African American because the most important dates in the movement and the renaissance happened in the New York community. Harlem was their Mecca, the place that saw their struggles and their victories. Harlem was their home and their refuge. References Wintz, C. DC. (2007). Harlem Renaissance. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://encarta.msn.com. UNIA-ACL. (2005, January 28). UNIA History. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://www.unia-acl.org/history/history3.htm

Air Pollution In Trinidad And Tobago Environmental Sciences Essay

Air Pollution In Trinidad And Tobago Environmental Sciences Essay The contamination of the atmosphere by any toxic or radioactive gases and particulate matter as a result of human activity defines air pollution. (EMA State of the Environment Report 2000) Over the years Trinidad and Tobago has focus on industrialization developing several industrial estates but greater focus was made to the energy sectors. They current have three major energy based industrial sites. The Point Lisas industrial estate, Point a Pierre petroleum refinery and Liquefied Natural Gas plant (LNG) located in Point Fortin. Trinidad and Tobago is considered to be one of the most industrialized countries in the Commonwealth Caribbean region. We have been blessed with a vast array of natural resources ranging from oil, natural gas and asphalt to manufactured petrochemicals. Despite the fact that oil production and refining is one of our main industry, petrochemicals and to a lesser extent steel plays great importance in the company economic growth. Trinidad Tobago is worlds leading exporter of both methanol and ammonia, currently they supply the largest source of LNG is exported to the United States. Early views and realization of Air Pollution To the general public air pollution was considered to be chemical emissions and that suspension and secondary pollutants will just dissipate with the aid of the wind and rain. As the country moves into a second wave of industrialization with several proposed plans of building the next economic hotspot in the Caribbean (Invest in TT Downstream Energy), concerns has been made toward the quality of air what we live and breathe. It was only years later when technology began to play an important part in analyzing pollutants and air quality that it was realized that air pollution was just as important as water pollution. The industrial sector in Trinidad Tobago is one of the most dynamitic in the Caribbean and this is reflected in the diverse nature of its pollutants. Table 1 illustrates the numerous industry classes, commodities produced, production process and resulting in air pollutants. Map 1: Existing Proposed Energy Base Industrial Estates in Trinidad Table 1: Industry in Trinidad Tobago and air emission they emit INDUSTRY PRODUCTS SOURCES AIR POLLUTANT Petrochemical Menthol, ammonia, urea, ethanol, liquefied natural gas Fossil fuel processing, industrial processes Carbon Dioxide, Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, Carbon Monoxide Manufacturing Metals, cements, consumer products Manufacturing and extraction process, stock piling of raw materials, fossil fuel burning Carbon Dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter PM (soot, dust, asbestos fibers, pesticides and metals). Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC) Transportation vehicles Incomplete combustion Carbon Monoxide, particulate matter Petroleum Refineries Refined oil, oil base products and sulfur /acids production Fossil fuel burning, extraction process, transportation process, storage process, Carbon Dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, particulate matter (soot, dust, asbestos fibers, pesticides and metals) Agriculture Animal waste, plant waste Animal waste disposal/processing, rice paddies and wetlands, plant metabolism, land clearing Methane, Carbon monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, particulate matter (dust), VOC Electrical Power generation Electricity Fossil fuel burning, Particulate matters, Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, VOC Mining Quarrying Aggregate Blasting, mining, washing, extraction process Suspended Particulates Matters (SPM); Total suspended particles (TSP); Particulate matters. Wholesale and Retail All consumer products Service station operations, truck filling stations VOC Locations of Main Industrial Sectors With industrialization comes a need for people to benefit with the high level of employment in these areas. The demographic transition cycle in Trinidad and Tobago is fairly predictive with many of the populated areas following the same paths along the industrialized map. (Map 2)In the initial stages of industrial development focus was made on establishing industries in sparsely populated areas. The intention was also to take advantage of the favorable wind direction which would direct most of the air pollutant west ward over (for the most part) approximately 5 miles of uninhabited land space and then to the Gulf, with the intension that the vegetation would be affected in a minor way during the dry season and would be assisted by run off during the rainy season. This idea inadvertently leads to another pollution problem. This proved to be a short term imitative, as these areas soon became an attractive alternative to the long commute thus encouraging the establishment of make- shift villages and shanty towns. This was also fueled by the fact that the southern and eastern main road were in close proximity to these estates. Over time these villages soon became establish resistances acquiring basic utilities and official mailing addresses. The industries were now faced with a new obstacle. They now had to focus their attention to both the environment and the neighboring population. Table 2 identifies the main industrial pollutants found in Trinidad and Tobago and its effects on both the environment and humans. Map 2: Industries and major roadways Table 2: Main Industrial Pollutants and their Adverse Health and Environment Effects POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON HUMANS EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT Carbon Monoxide- CO It is absorbed through the lungs reducing the bloods capacity to transport available oxygen to the tissues. Depending on the exposure level it produces flu like symptoms usually not recognized and may results in death There is minimum effect on the environment. Sulphur Dioxides SO2 Depending on the exposure level it can cause: cause wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath, respiratory illness, alterations in the lungs, it aggravates existing cardiovascular disease. When SO2 combines with water, it forms sulfuric acid, which is the main component of acid rain. When acid rain falls it can cause deforestation, acidify waterways to the detriment of aquatic life. It also corrodes building materials. Acid rain changes the physical appearance of vegetation plants metabolism impaired Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)/Oxides of Nitrogen NOx At low levels it has minimum or no effects on human health. However high levels NO2 can cause respiratory problem, increase a persons susceptibility to, and severity of infections and asthma. It can also affect the sensory system. It is harmful to vegetation, can fade and discolor fabrics, reduce visibility. Vegetation exposure to high levels of NOx can be identified by damage to foliage, decreased growth or reduced crop yield. Volatile Organic Carbon -VOC There are no general health effects of VOC because other gases make up VOCs however some gases may be toxic and/or carcinogen. Levels of exposure and time exposed can cause damage to the liver, kidney and central nervous system. It is known to cause cancer in animals. Suspended Particulates Matters (SPM); Total suspended particles (TSP); Particulate matters. Health effects on SPM in humans depend on the particle size and concentration can cause long term exposure increases the rates of respiratory illness and symptoms. Particulates can accelerate deterioration of surface and material. It has the potential to cause modification of the climate and contributes to acid deposition. Control Strategies Physical, Managerial and Legislative to Air Pollution The visionaries of the early industries focus little on health safety and the environment and this was reflected in the level of controls initiated by the industries. Controls were mainly one dimensional and fail to focus on the holistic views of health safety and environment. Public opinion and outburst resulting from the increasing number of medical complaints and the decrease quality of agriculture produce with allegations pointing towards the emission from these industries, prompted management to use technology to assist in the establishment of more stringent controls. This technology was also instrumental in pinpointing the actual adverse effects as a result of these emissions. Physical Controls The physical control represents the processes responsible for acquisition of raw material, storage, manufacturing and distribution processes. Use of Suppression Techniques The numerous pollutants that emit daily, through smokestacks petrochemical and petroleum industries together with major health effects, force industries to reduce the pollutant at the source. One of the proven ways of reducing these pollutants is installing scrubbers and in other cases bagging houses in the emission system. The use of end -of- pipe technology is being adapted by some industries, it is used to remove already formed contaminants in the air however it is proven to be very expensive and many industries internationally would rather pay the fines for higher emission levels than use this technique. In other words it is regarded as the less of two evils. These techniques force industries to adopt generic prevention strategies and solutions, only resorting to the more expensive techniques when face with dire consequences. Environmental Friendly Process With increasing pressure from environmental activists calling for industries to be more sensitive towards the environment, many industries have restructured their processes whereby recycling waste material as a new raw material to produce a second product. This process has been adapted by Methanol Holding Trinidad Limited (MHTL) were they have constructed an AUM plant. This plant is the first of its kind in Trinidad and Tobago being the most environmental friendly of the MHTL family. This plant comprises a diversified petrochemical complex to manufacture Urea Ammonia Nitrate (UAN) and Melamine using feedstock from integrated urea and ammonia plants. (MHTL) The local cement factory adopted several controls strategies to deal with the air pollution problem within its manufacturing process. A change from blasting to stripping of the main raw material (limestone) aided in the reduction of dust emissions that was affecting the neighboring community at their quarrying central Trinidad. The transportation of the limestone was also change from dry to wet thus also reducing the potential dust particles entering the atmosphere during transportation from quarrying to the process plant. At the out skirts of the processing plant itself major landscaping was done to create hills around the factory adorned by buffer trees with sole intension is to reduce the level of dust exposure to the neighboring community. Managerial Controls Self Regulation These controls consist of policies, systems and standards that govern and manage the organization. The establishments of the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) help management keep focus in order to sustain established targets. Company policies and procedures acts as guidelines to maintain order and structure within the organization. The introduction of ISO standards advertises the companys procedures to the industrial world thus ensuring that whatever measures initially introduced are sustained by the certification audits conducted annually by an international process auditors. Legislative Controls Currently in TT there is no legislation that refers directly to controlling of air pollutant emitted by industries. This is merely due to the fact that early monitoring system generally focus on water and land pollution the understanding of air pollution did not produce tangible evident because of technological short falls. The existing legislation addresses non specific air pollutants like the Petroleum Act (rev. 1980) section 29 (1) (j) prevention of air pollution and the Public health ordinance (1950), section 70 (1) (m) prohibits blacks smoke from chimneys. Even though the EMA was establish and is the countrys sole environmental body responsible for managing, regulating and coordinating environmental matters. The EMA has only managed to draft the Air Pollution Rules 2001 however to date 2010 these rules have not been made law. Trinidad and Tobago being a member of the Commonwealth and the United Nations has benefited from the research and technological advancement from these more developed countries (MDC). Initiatives such as the Montreal Protocol (1989 the control of CFCs) and the Kyoto Protocol (1997 the reduction of Greenhouse Gases) assisted the legislative process of TT by association. The only way legislative was establish was by piggy backing on the achievement of the more developed countries it seems that this was the only way the law maker could have had any impact on defaulters of air pollution in Trinidad. Only when legislation is pass the country can benefit from some effective control measures where polluters are prosecuted and emission limits are set for all industries. Conclusion Trinidad and Tobago historically is a nation of followers there have been very few instances where we were not promoted or assisted in some way or the other in achieving established goals and the topic of pollution is no exception. Have we ever wonder why the one establish air pollution laws stems from a diplomatic relations within the commonwealth and the United Nations or why we had to wait until the advent of OSHA to enforce existing safety laws in our country. The answer is simple we are still waiting to follow no wonder legislation spear headed by locals are treated with scan courtesy. Had these laws been establish in some first world convention they would have been rooted in the seams of our judicial system years ago? Many of the existing pollution laws governing the more develop countries were mainly as a result of international pressure, sadly Trinidad and Tobago is not view as a major polluting nation because of its geographical location and size. Evidence of pollution aware ness is mainly seen in the new establish manufacturing countries whose parent companies originate overseas. It is only amongst of fellow less develops countries and Caribbean members that Trinidad and Tobago is recognize as a polluting nation sadly these countries have little impact on global view. Despite our shortcomings, internally there has been an intensified effort to effectively monitor record, control and enforce pollution reducing systems and strategies. Internationally the over site of Trinidad and Tobago (a country that can easily fit into the Orinoco River with a population that barely exceeds large town in the United States) has not deterred local efforts to manage the levels of air emissions.

Paleolithic Art Essay -- Essays Papers

Paleolithic Art Paleolithic art, dating back to the late Paleolithic period 40,000-10,000 B.C. (the Stone Age), is one of the most beautiful, natural periods of cave art and clay sculptures. Created by Nomadic hunters and gatherers with ivory, wood, and bone, these figures were thought to be symbolic and have some magical or ritual relevance. Figures and drawings have been found in all parts of the world dating back to the Cro-Magnon man as late as 60,000 years ago. There are two different periods of overlapping periods. The first, dating between 14,000-13,500 B.C., is the Aurignacio-Perigordian. This period included the contents of the Lauscaux cave paintings, the many sculptures at Laussel, and the voluptuous feminine figures called Venuses (Columbia Press, 1). The second, named the Solutres-Magdalenian period, dating back to 14,000-9,500 B.C., includes murals of Rouffignac and Niaux, and the ceiling decors in Spain (Columbia Press, 1). Paleolithic art falls into two distinct categories: portable pieces and cave art. Portable art was carved from bone, stone, or modeled from clay. Most has been found in Europe, Africa, and Siberia (Encarta, 1). The cave art comprised mostly of drawings and paintings recovered in mostly Spain and France (Versaware, 1). A possible third art category is mentionable also. Rock art is comprised of carvings and drawings on rock surfaces, but little of this art has been discovered (Encarta, 1). This form of art has founded many of today’s drawings, languages, and cultures. The first discovery was in the 1860’s by French Paleontologist, Eduard Lartet. The decorations were estimated back to the Stone Age because of the use of Ice Age animal bones. Researchers soon were digging everywhere in search of objects, ignoring cave drawings (Encarta, 1). In the 1880’s, a landowner discovered a cave in Spain filled with art and structural objects. Hiding it at first, researchers revealed it to the world that helped people learn to accept cave art for what it really was, an art. Many sites were uncovered shortly after, dating back to over 32,000 years (Versaware, 1). Since 1981, archeologists have also found art outside of the caves such as engravings of humans, horses, and cattle, which were about 20,000 years old. Paleolithic findings, if surviving erosion, are now becoming more common throughout the world (Columbia, 1). .. ...ed spray paint, which was blown either out of a tube or out of their mouths (Versaware, 1). Because they had none of the advantages that we have today, their creations, which was more difficult to fully complete, can be considered a precious, unique works of art. To be sure that these items are genuinely prehistoric, radiocarbon dating was used (Encarta, 4). Scientists can determine the true age from only a tiny amount of pigment in the paint. One of the oldest, found in Europe and Asia, was carved in ivory and dates back to about 32,000 years. Another, discovered in England in 1996, was found to be about 60,000 years old (Columbia, 1)! Few endure erosion, but the survivors make excellent timelines of the era’s that remain unclear to researchers. This beautiful Stone Age present to our time suggests that art was visible and practiced from close to the beginning of time. The decorated caves and figures have helped us learn of other cultures and their distinctive expressions of life-forms. Still indistinct about the main purpose of this creative art form, archaeologists continue to dig and discover new pieces that may add to the picture and help to solve this ongoing puzzle.

Example Press Release

NEWS For Immediate Release Contact NEWS For Immediate Release Contact SOUTH BURLINGTON September 12, 2012It’s getting close to election time and in response to the hullaballoo and stressors surrounding the republican and democratic campaigns, top leader in ice cream production, Ben and Jerry’s, announced their new flavor, â€Å"We Vote Purple. † The new flavor consists of a delicious boysenberry and grape sorbet with bits of pie crust swirled in, thus giving the ice cream a beautifully neutral color of purple and a nice hearty texture.Ben and Jerry’s CEO, Jostein Solheim, said, â€Å"This flavor is for all of the people of America, regardless of their political standpoint. It’s something that can bring two different types of people together by mixing a little republican red with some democratic blue, thus creating purple. â€Å" Solheim, as well as many Ben and Jerry’s employees, exclaim this is a new favorite of theirs, describing it as, à ¢â‚¬Å"a magical mix of grapes, the fresh fruit of summer, with a fall favorite, boysenberry pie. † Lastly, if customers bring in a copy of this press release they can get the new flavor at half price! Limit one per customer. ) SOUTH BURLINGTON September 12, 2012It’s getting close to election time and in response to the hullaballoo and stressors surrounding the republican and democratic campaigns, top leader in ice cream production, Ben and Jerry’s, announced their new flavor, â€Å"We Vote Purple. † The new flavor consists of a delicious boysenberry and grape sorbet with bits of pie crust swirled in, thus giving the ice cream a beautifully neutral color of purple and a nice hearty texture.Ben and Jerry’s CEO, Jostein Solheim, said, â€Å"This flavor is for all of the people of America, regardless of their political standpoint. It’s something that can bring two different types of people together by mixing a little republican red with some dem ocratic blue, thus creating purple. â€Å" Solheim, as well as many Ben and Jerry’s employees, exclaim this is a new favorite of theirs, describing it as, â€Å"a magical mix of grapes, the fresh fruit of summer, with a fall favorite, boysenberry pie. Lastly, if customers bring in a copy of this press release they can get the new flavor at half price! (Limit one per customer. ) NEW BEN AND JERRY’S FLAVOR ANNOUNCED Company takes neutral stance in presidential campaign by presenting new flavor, â€Å"We Vote Purple. † NEW BEN AND JERRY’S FLAVOR ANNOUNCED Company takes neutral stance in presidential campaign by presenting new flavor, â€Å"We Vote Purple. †

PESO Online Job Posting System Essay

INTRODUCTION Today, we are living in a modern age engaged in highly computerized technology where computer devices manifest everywhere aiming to enhance individual lifestyle and most especially in the world of business. Manual operations are considered out of date and are left behind because of modern technology. Using computers and modern technology is a great help to every individual most especially to business transaction. Individuals and companies today wants manual operations to be replace with an automated one in order for them to have a better and easy lifestyle and operations. But today, many companies even local government offices are using manual operations that consume a lot of time, money and effort that gives every individual and companies a hard time. As modern technology continues to improve, all processes are automated and are moved onto the web or cloud based. The online job posting system replace the manual operation of the office regarding the posting of jobs, referral and screening of applicants, recording and creation of reports and information and screening and communication with companies. Online job posting will improve the office services and provides convenience on the applicants, employers and office staff. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Public Employment Service Office or PESO is a multi-service facility that was established to provide information and assistance to DOLE clients and constituents of local government units (LGU’s). It makes available under one roof the various employment programs and services of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) to enable all types of clientele to know more about them and to provide assistance on employment and income opportunities or other specific assistance needed. It’s services are to provide job fairs, livelihood and self-employment bazaars, Special Credit Assistance for Placed Overseas Workers, Special Program for Employment of Students and Out-of-School Youth, Work Appreciation Program, Workers Hiring for  Infrastructure Projects and Other programs/activities developed by DOLE to enhance provision of employment assistance to PESO clients HISTORY This study focuses on the ordering process in Public Employment Service Office. The Public Employment Service Office or PESO is a non-fee charging multi-employment service facility or entity established or accredited pursuant to Republic Act No. 8759 otherwise known as the PESO Act of 1999. The Republic Act No. 8759 was signed in to law on February 14, 1999. Its purpose is to carry out full employment and equality of employment opportunities. Duties: 1. Ensure the prompt, timely and efficient delivery of employment service and provision of information on the other DOLE programs. 2. Provide a venue where people could explore simultaneously various employment options and actually seek assistance they prefer. 3. Serve as referral and information center for the various services and programs of DOLE and other government agencies present in the area. 4. Provide clients with adequate information on employment and labor market situation in the area. 5. Network with other PESOs within the region on employment for job exchange purposes. Functions: 1. Encourage employers to submit to the PESO on a regular basis a list of job vacancies in their respective establishments in order to facilitate the exchange of labor market information services to job seekers and employers by providing employment services to job seeker, both for local and overseas employment, and recruitment assistance to employers. 2. Develop and  administer testing and evaluation instruments for effective job selection, training and counseling. 3. Provide persons with entrepreneurship qualities access to the various livelihood and self-employment programs offered by both government and non-governmental organizations at the provincial/city/municipal/barangay levels by undertaking referrals for such program. 4. Undertake employability enhancement trainings/seminar for jobseekers as well as those would like to change career or enhance their employability. This function is presently supervised by TESDA and conducted by other training. 5. Provide employment and occu pational counseling, career guidance, mass motivation and values development activities. 6. Conduct pre-employment counseling and orientation to prospective local and overseas workers. 7. Provide reintegration assistance services to returning Filipino migrant workers. 8. Perform such functions as willfully carry out the objectives of this Act. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Figure 1: PESO Organization Chart RESEARCH LOCALE Figure 2: PESO Location Map PROBLEM DEFINITION Currently, the Public Employment Service Office at San Jose Del Monte Bulacan is using a manual operation in posting of jobs, referral and screening of applicants, recording and creation of reports and information and screening and communication with companies. Companies having a hard time on submitting reports about the applicants they hire because of the manual operation, thus, the PESO staff are also having a hard time creating reports.  Inconvenience, the applicants need to go to the office from time to time for them to know what jobs are available. And the companies must send a  representative to communicate and present the needed requirements before they can become a qualified employer for PESO. The problems stated above will all be solved using the proposed system which is the Online Job Posting System. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY Generally this study aims to solve issues that happened in the manual operations in Public Employment Service Office. The study is conducted to find out if minimizing the manual operations with an online job posting system could help Public Employment Service Office customers to achieve quality ordering service. Specifically, it aims to; Identify the key issues relating to the development of an online job posting system and understand the flow posting of jobs, referral and screening of applicants, recording and creation of reports and information and screening and communication with companies. Identify the problem that the staffs, employers and applicants encountered in the existing manual operations of PESO Provide a solution for the identified problem. SCOPES AND LIMITATION . The system which is job posting system will be implemented for the Public Employment Service Office. The system will be used by the staffs, employers, and applicants. The system will allow the applicants to browse jobs and be notified to new qualified jobs. It will also make the registrations of the applicants easy by not needing for them to go to the office. It will also benefit the employers, they will be no longer need to go the office just to communicate and give requirements. It will also make the creation of reports easy on the part of staffs and employers. On the other hand, the system limitations are, only citizens of San Jose Del Monte Bulacan can register online; citizens of other city are required to go to the office of PESO of CSJDM for special cases. The said system cannot be used when there is power shortage and can only be used if there is an internet connection. Notifications through SMS are limited to those who provide their contact information and to those who have a good network signal. PROJECT DESCRIPTION Figure 3: Project Sytem Logo SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The study will help the PESO to improve and speed up their services. The developed system will greatly improve the processes and replace the manual operations with a more organized and automated processes. It will give benefit the staffs, employers and applicants. Staffs- the proposed system will help the staffs to provide a more reliable and easy to do reports and records, more effective and efficient way of job posting, easier way of screening, giving referrals, communicating with applicants and employers and will eliminate human errors.. Employers-the proposed system will help the employers to provide a more reliable and easy to do reports and records, convenient way of submitting requirements and communicating with PESO staffs. Applicants- the proposed system will help the applicants to register and search for jobs in a more convenient and easier way. It will save them effort, time and money. Proponents. The study allowed the proponents to gain knowledge and experience doing rese arch study and learn how to automate a particular process. The study gives a great aid to the proponents to have a first-hand experience in making a system which can contribute to the suitable solution of the company’s necessity. Future Researchers. The study serves as a guide for future researchers having the same field of topic and subject matter. The study is capable of being an instrument and as future point of reference for the correlated study. The material can be a helpful citation of ideas to the future researchers having the same field of research. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS User Interface- the space where interaction between humans and machines occurs. The goal of interaction between a human and a machine at the user interface is effective operation and control of the machine and feedback  from the machine which aids the operator in making operational decisions. Admin- the admin will maintain the system it can review reject and approve the profiles of every applicant or employer and jobs recruitment request of the company. Profiling- the act or process of extrapolating information about a person based on what is already known. Analysis – is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), though analysis as a formal concept is a relatively recent development. Login – The process of identifying oneself to a computer, usually by entering one’s username and pas sword. Logout – Once a user has logged in, they can then log out or log off when access is no longer needed. To log out is to close off one’s access to a computer system after having previously logged in. Referral – the process of directing or redirecting to an appropriate agency TECHNICAL DEFINITION OF TERMS Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation semantics of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets: retrieved October 2, 2014) Database – is an organized collection of data. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring this information. Database management systems (DBMSs) are specially designed applications that interact with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database: retrieved October 2, 2014) Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) – is a domain name that specifies its exact location in the tree hierarchy of the Domain Name System (DNS). It specifies all domain levels, including the top-level domain and the root zone. A  fully qualified domain name is distinguished by its lack of ambiguity: it can only be interpreted one way. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_qualified_domain_name: retrieved October 2, 2014) Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) -is the main markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like ), within the web page content. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_text_markup_language: retrieved October 2, 2014) JavaScript (JS) – is an interpreted computer programming language. JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language with dynamic typing and has first-class functions. Its syntax was influenced by C. JavaScript copies many names and naming conventions from Java, but the two languages are otherwise unrelated and have very different semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are taken from the Self and Scheme programming languages. It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript: retrieved October 2, 2014) JQuery – is a multi-browser JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side scripting of HTML. JQuery is free, open source software, licensed under the MIT License. J query’s syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop Ajax applications. jQuery also provides capabilities for developers to create plug-ins on top of the JavaScript library. This enables developers to create abstractions for low-level interaction and animation, advanced effects and high-level, theme-able widgets. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jQuery: retrieved October 2, 2014) Microsoft Excel -is a spread sheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual  Basic for Applications. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/jQuery: retrieved October 2, 2014) MySQL – runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases, though SQLite probably has more total embedded deployments. The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL: retrieved October 2, 2014) Network – Is a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications among users and allows users to share resources. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network: retrieved October 2, 2014) Portable Document Format (PDF) – is a file format used to represent documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it. In 1991, Adobe Systems co-founder John Warnock outlined a system called â€Å"Camelot† that evolved into PDF. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network: retrieved October 2, 2014) PHP – is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. PHP code is interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the resulting web page: PHP commands can be embedded directly into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data. Server – A computer, or a software package, that provides a specific kind of service to client software running on other computers. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server: retrieved October 2, 2014) Web browser- displays a web page on a monitor or mobile device. On a network, a web browser can retrieve a web page from a remote web server. On a higher level, the web server may restrict access to only a private network such as a corporate intranet or it provide access to the World Wide Web. On a lower level, the web browser uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to make such requests. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser: retrieved October 2, 2014) Webpage – is a web document that is suitable for the World Wide Web and the web browser. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webpage: retrieved October 2, 2014) Web server – can refer to either the hardware (the computer) or the software (the computer application) that helps to deliver web content that can be accessed through the Internet. The most common use of web servers is to host websites, but there are other uses such as gaming, data storage or running enterprise applications. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server: retrieved October 2, 2014) World Wide Web – is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_wide_web: retrieved October 2, 2014) XAMPP – is a free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack package, consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP Server, MySQL database, and interpreters for scripts written in the PHP and Perl programming languages. (L. Grimmer, 2006)

Erwin Schrödinger and the Schrödingers Cat Experiment

Erwin Schrà ¶dinger and the Schrà ¶dinger's Cat Experiment Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrà ¶dinger (born on August 12, 1887 in Vienna, Austria) was a physicist who conducted groundbreaking work in quantum mechanics, a field which studies how energy and matter behave at very small length scales. In 1926, Schrà ¶dinger developed an equation that predicted where an electron would be located in an atom. In 1933, he received a Nobel Prize for this work, along with physicist Paul Dirac. Fast Facts: Erwin Schrà ¶dinger Full Name: Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrà ¶dingerKnown For: Physicist who developed the Schrà ¶dinger equation, which signified a great stride for quantum mechanics. Also developed the thought experiment known as â€Å"Schrà ¶dinger’s Cat.†Born: August 12, 1887 in Vienna, AustriaDied: January 4, 1961 in Vienna, AustriaParents: Rudolf and Georgine Schrà ¶dingerSpouse: Annemarie BertelChild: Ruth Georgie Erica (b. 1934)Education: University of ViennaAwards: with quantum theorist, Paul A.M. Dirac awarded 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics.Publications: What Is Life? (1944), Nature and the Greeks  (1954), and My View of the World  (1961). Schrà ¶dinger may be more popularly known for â€Å"Schrà ¶dinger’s Cat,† a thought experiment he devised in 1935 to illustrate problems with a common interpretation of quantum mechanics. Early Years and Education Schrà ¶dinger was the only child of Rudolf Schrà ¶dinger – a linoleum and oilcloth factory worker who had inherited the business from his father – and Georgine, the daughter of a chemistry professor of Rudolf’s. Schrà ¶dinger’s upbringing emphasized cultural appreciation and advancement in both science and art. Schrà ¶dinger was educated by a tutor and by his father at home. At the age of 11, he entered the Akademische Gymnasium in Vienna, a school focused on classical education and training in physics and mathematics. There, he enjoyed learning classical languages, foreign poetry, physics, and mathematics, but hated memorizing what he termed â€Å"incidental† dates and facts. Schrà ¶dinger continued his studies at the University of Vienna, which he entered in 1906. He earned his PhD in physics in 1910 under the guidance of Friedrich Hasenà ¶hrl, whom Schrà ¶dinger considered to be one of his greatest intellectual influences. Hasenà ¶hrl was a student of physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, a renowned scientist known for his work in statistical mechanics. After Schrà ¶dinger received his PhD, he worked as an assistant to Franz Exner, another student of Boltzmann’s, until being drafted at the beginning of World War I. Career Beginnings In 1920, Schrà ¶dinger married Annemarie Bertel and moved with her to Jena, Germany to work as the assistant of physicist Max Wien. From there, he became faculty at a number of universities over a short period of time, first becoming a junior professor in Stuttgart, then a full professor at Breslau, before joining the University of Zurich as a professor in 1921. Schrà ¶dinger’s subsequent six years at Zurich were some of the most important in his professional career. At the University of Zurich, Schrà ¶dinger developed a theory that significantly advanced the understanding of quantum physics. He published a series of papers – about one per month – on wave mechanics. In particular, the first paper, â€Å"Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem, introduced what would become known as the Schrà ¶dinger equation, now a central part of quantum mechanics. Schrà ¶dinger was awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1933. Schrà ¶dinger’s Equation Schrà ¶dingers equation mathematically described the wavelike nature of systems governed by quantum mechanics. With this equation, Schrà ¶dinger provided a way to not only study the behaviors of these systems, but also to predict how they behave. Though there was much initial debate about what Schrà ¶dinger’s equation meant, scientists eventually interpreted it as the probability of finding an electron somewhere in space. Schrà ¶dinger’s Cat Schrà ¶dinger formulated this thought experiment in response to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which states that a particle described by quantum mechanics exists in all possible states at the same time, until it is observed and is forced to choose one state. Heres an example: consider a light that can light up either red or green. When we are not looking at the light, we assume that it is both red and green. However, when we look at it, the light must force itself to be either red or green, and that is the color we see. Schrà ¶dinger did not agree with this interpretation. He created a different thought experiment, called Schrà ¶dingers Cat, to illustrate his concerns. In the Schrà ¶dingers Cat experiment, a cat is placed inside a sealed box with a radioactive substance and a poisonous gas. If the radioactive substance decayed, it would release the gas and kill the cat. If not, the cat would be alive. Because we do not know whether the cat is alive or dead, it is considered both alive and dead until someone opens the box and sees for themselves what the state of the cat is. Thus, simply by looking into the box, someone has magically made the cat alive or dead even though that is impossible. Influences on Schrà ¶dinger’s Work Schrà ¶dinger did not leave much information about the scientists and theories that influenced his own work. However, historians have pieced together some of those influences, which include: Louis de Broglie, a physicist, introduced the concept of â€Å"matter waves. Schrà ¶dinger had read de Broglie’s thesis as well as a footnote written by Albert Einstein, which spoke positively about de Broglie’s work. Schrà ¶dinger was also asked to discuss de Broglie’s work at a seminar hosted by both the University of Zurich and another university, ETH Zurich.Boltzmann. Schrà ¶dinger considered Boltzmann’s statistical approach to physics his â€Å"first love in science,† and much of his scientific education followed in the tradition of Boltzmann.Schrà ¶dinger’s previous work on the quantum theory of gases, which studied gases from the perspective of quantum mechanics. In one of his papers on the quantum theory of gases, â€Å"On Einstein’s Gas Theory,† Schrà ¶dinger applied de Broglie’s theory on matter waves to help explain the behavior of gases. Later Career and Death In 1933, the same year he won the Nobel Prize, Schrà ¶dinger resigned his professorship at the University of Berlin, which he had joined in 1927, in response to the Nazi takeover of Germany and the dismissal of Jewish scientists. He subsequently moved to England, and later to Austria. However, in 1938, Hitler invaded Austria, forcing Schrà ¶dinger, now an established anti-Nazi, to flee to Rome. In 1939, Schrà ¶dinger moved to Dublin, Ireland, where he remained until his return to Vienna in 1956. Schrà ¶dinger died of tuberculosis on January 4, 1961 in Vienna, the city where he was born. He was 73 years old. Sources Fischer E. We are all aspects of one single being: An introduction to Erwin Schrà ¶dinger. Soc Res, 1984; 51(3): 809-835.Heitler W. â€Å"Erwin Schrà ¶dinger, 1887-1961.† Biogr Mem Fellows Royal Soc, 1961; 7: 221-228.Masters B. â€Å"Erwin Schrà ¶dinger’s path to wave mechanics.† Opt Photonics News, 2014; 25(2): 32-39.Moore W. Schrà ¶dinger: Life and thought. Cambridge University Press; 1989.Schrà ¶dinger: Centenary celebration of a polymath. Ed. Clive Kilmister, Cambridge University Press; 1987.Schrà ¶dinger E. â€Å"Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem, erste Mitteilung.†Ann. Phys., 1926; 79: 361-376.Teresi D. The lone ranger of quantum mechanics. The New York Times website. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/07/books/the-lone-ranger-of-quantum-mechanics.html. 1990.

Journal response Essays - Cinema Of The United States, Literature

Journal response Essays - Cinema Of The United States, Literature Journal response Changes in Jem: Jeremy Atticus Finch, also known as Jem, is the older and more mature brother of Scout (the book narrator). The book shows him beginning the journey of reaching his adolescence. As Jem still remembers and grieves his deceased mother, he can sometimes have days where he sits alone and is deep in thought forgetting the world around him. On these days, he is best left alone. Jem talks a lot about people and has a very active imagination. An example of this, is when Dill arrives, he describe s Boo Radley as a monster He dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch, that's why his hands were blood-stainedif you ate an animal raw, you could never wash the blood off. There was a long-jagged scar that ran across his face; what teeth he had were yellow and rotten; his eyes popped, and he drooled most of the time". O f course Dill and Scout beli e ve d everything he said , as he is the oldest, and knows everything'. As Jem gets older, he want s t o be more mature and to be treated like a man, not a child. He is less imaginative and doesn't want to be associated with children. He begins to see what is happening around him, and grows worried for his father, Atticus, and sees that life isn't fair. He states himself as a grown up, saying " it's different with grown-ups , we". This shows that he is starting to see himself as a grown up as well. He also changes by beginning to understand other people. "Scout I' m beginning to u nderstand something . I think I'm beginning to understand why Boo Radley stayed shut up in his house all the time it's because he wants to stay inside". Jem starts understanding that people have a choice in what they want , and realises that Boo can do what he pleases. Jem's maturity grow even mor e during and after the Tom Robinson trial. He was very angry that Tom was accused guilty and he thought that there wasn't enough evidence to charge an innocent man (Jem wanted to become a lawyer one day). The trial made him realised that life can be cruel. Changes in Scout: Jean Louise Finch, also known as Scout, has always been the outgoing and inquisitive child of the two. She is a tomboy and would prefer to wear overalls, than wear a dress and be lady. Scout is very quick tempered and starts fights for the simplest reasons. The book begins with her starting school and her learning the hardships of school. She is told that she has been wrongly taught to read and write , which deeply upsets her and make s her want to drop school. She is also told off for sticking up for other children in her year . Because Scout has a high temper, she picks fights not only in her street but a t school. For example, she beats up Walter Cunningham for not having his lunch, without any worthy reason to beat him up, and finds joy i n doing so. I think she picks these fights, as she is very proud and doesn't like it when people speak ill of her or he r family, Atticus in particular . " C atching Walter C unningham i n the school yard gav e me some pleasure, but when I was rubbing his nose in the dirt, Jem came by and told me to stop" . Atticus highly disapproves of Scout doing such things, saying that she is "too old and too big for such a childish thing" , but Scout can't help it sometimes. As her schooling goes on, she gets constantly more frustrated in class as the curriculum moves far to slow for her liking. At Christmas, the finches go to Atticus's sisters place, finch landing. Scout doesn't like her and Jem's Aunt as she wants Scout to be a lady, and is often making poor remarks about Scout and Atticus about how she should act more like a lady. At Christmas, Alexand ers grandson, Francis Hancock, and Scout had a

What will happen to the wall if peace is established between Israel & Essay

What will happen to the wall if peace is established between Israel & the Palestinians Will Israel tear it down, construct more gates, leave it as it is, or some other alternative - Essay Example War will eventually erupt as nations wish to take the area forcefully. The war between Israel and Palestine have been there for more than a decade. Driven by a conflict on boundary, the two countries continues to try forcefully to acquire the area between them where there is no clear owner. The Israelites proposed that the undefined ground on the west bank should be protected as theirs. They government, therefore, proposed to build a wall separating the two nations, a project that is on-going. The building of the wall is meant to perform several tasks. The wall will help in securing the citizens from constant attacks projected by Palestine and their Arab supporters. Secondly, the wall is used to secure the ground since the Palestine want also to settle there. The big question that revolves around the global mind is what will happen to the wall if the two countries establish a long lasting friendship that will lead to peace in the region? The Israelite and Palestine war is a big issue that is not only their issue but a global affair. The building of the west bank wall to separate the two countries is not a long lasting clarification to the war in the Middle East. The United Nations need to come into the conflict and establish a resolution that would satisfy both parties involved in the conflict. Even though the wall is under construction, the conflict is getting hotter, and lives of both the Palestine and the Israelites are still being lost. There is a great need of encouraging negotiations that will peacefully lead to a lasting solution of the boundary conflict. The realization of serenity in Germany leads to the fall of the berlin wall. The factors that attributed to the destruction of the wall is the negotiation and the signing of a treaty that lead to re-establishment of Germany as a unit country rather than the twin countries, east

Family Tree Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Family Tree - Assignment Example He wakes up really early in the morning. He drinks his coffee and reads the paper. My dad is full spirited. When he comes home from work he never fails to share his stories and anecdotes from his work. Nevertheless, he still manages to lay down his rules. If one of us fails to follow it, we sure will have a serious spanking. This is probably because he was a teacher, and now, is currently working as a superintendent of schools. His job requires him to teach the rules and at the same time follow them. On the other hand, there's my mom. My mom is of medium height, not that tall nor is she short. She has brown hair and blue eyes. My mom is a hard working and talkative woman. She prefers to stay at home to decorate the house and tend to the cooking, which my dad loves. His favorite food is muchos burritos. He would eat that every lunch that my mother brings to him in school. She loves to cook and start small projects that could potentially earn her extra income. She especially loves dancing and sewing. Her favorite pieces to work on are throw pillow cases and curtains. These are easy to make and sell at the same time. Samba is her favorite stress reliever. During her younger years, she would join contests will surely grab the award. She's really the best. Pap adores my mother; he always says "When I met your mother, I thought she was a caliente exquisite woman of an exotic beauty".

Hisory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hisory - Assignment Example Political significance of the declaration’s provisions also identifies its radical scope. In addition to calling for independence, the declaration established people’s unalienable rights and the power of the people to overthrow the government, a political authority that the aristocratic British rule did not recognize (The Charter of Freedom 1). Jefferson and his colleagues wrote this document to mark a formal rebellion against the British rule and to establish self-governance for the states. Taking the document literally, it would mean that some human rights are supreme and above authority of anybody over people and people should demand for such rights. The literal context of the declaration also means that people have the authority to control their rulers and can change leaderships that do not honour people’s rights. The Capital Hill march (Ernst 1) and the planned strike by fast food workers in the United States in December are examples that demonstrate the literal meaning of the declaration (Gabbatt 1). The protests sought to establish rights that people thought they were entitled to but authorities refused to grant to the people. The Capital Hill March involved display of people’s demanded rights on placards. Ernst, Jonathan. â€Å"Protesters march in Washington against NSA spying.† Reuters. October 26, 2013. Web. February 22, 2014. . Gabbatt, Adam. â€Å"US fast-food workers strike over low wages in nationwide protest: Thousands due to strike across 100 cities through the day in a signal of the growing clamour for actin on income equality.† The Guardian. December 5, 2013. Web. February 22, 2014. < http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/fast-food-workers-strike-minimum-wage

Henry Kissinger and Richard Nixon Research Paper

Henry Kissinger and Richard Nixon - Research Paper Example He took over the responsibility of the secretary to the state and as the president’s advisor. This paper will highlight the contribution of President Nixon and Kissinger in the events surrounding the cold war. Kissinger was responsible for the implementation of majority of the diplomatic decisions that he discussed with the president. Although they worked together and made very crucial decisions, they did not trust each other. There was distrust between them and behind each other’s name; they threw insults at each other. President Nixon took advantage of the Jewish factor in Kissinger. Nixon always suspected that Kissinger was not completely honest with security matters. Despite this distrust, they plotted out a Cambodian mission during the Vietnam War. America indulged in the Vietnam War in support of the southern Vietnam that had not conformed to communism. The Vietnam War had its influence from the cold war. The Soviet Union had exerted its influence on the northern Vietnam while America was supporting the south. The two global powers sought to establish allies in this war depending on the whether country was willing to adopt communism or capitalism (Tudda, 2012). One of the policies involved the detente policy between the Soviet Union and China. Nixon and Kissinger wanted to establish a solution to the increasing tension in the cold war that was persisting at the time. Since America’s economic growth was becoming very slow during Nixon’s second term, he sought to establish ways in which he would reduce the tension of the war without additional expenses on the military (Tudda, 2012). Therefore, Kissinger and Nixon plotted the detente strategy. Implementation of the detente policy involved secret travels and negotiations with China. This strategy sought to convince the Soviet Union and China to withdraw the communist influence on northern Vietnam. Both Kissinger and Nixon made efforts to rebuild the strained relationship with China in order to ease the cold war tension. Although the initial attempts found China unyielding, the persistent diplomatic persuasion from Kissinger and Nixon would bear fruit in the end. However, it was not easy because Taiwan emerged to be an issue. There was a debate on whether Taiwan would adopt the policy as part of China or as an independent identity. It became confusing to determine whether the Sino-American negotiations were seeking to establish a solution for only China or the solution would apply to Taiwan (Burr, 2002). Nixon and Kissinger targeted to use the polycentrism of the socialist society to their advantage. Their China negotiations opened a triangular front of diplomacy. The strategy’s main objective was to open up ways in which America could continue exerting its foreign policies. In addition, the new policy would minimize the use of weapons by the two global powers. Some analysts view the strategy as one that implied level of political maturity. Others quest ion the real intentions of Kissinger and Nixon. However, it commendable that the policies eased the tension of the war largely giving the American people some hopes (Banyan, 2007). In addition, Nixon and Kissinger made more move s in ending the Vietnam War. Both South and North Vietnam and Cambodia had formed Indochina. The southern and northern Vietnam were fighting to gain autonomy from the

Armenian Genocide Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Armenian Genocide - Annotated Bibliography Example He tells how he was able to evade all the killing and the many times he meet with death. The film is entertaining and full of Turkish information on genocide which is ideal for watching to college students who are interested with information on Turkish political nature during the time. This is a well written and researched historical account of all whole series of persecutions and massacres that made up of the Armenian genocide. This is a non fiction book which is ideal for those people who like being informed and have the facts of the Turkish massacre. The author of the book is lecturer in twentieth-century history. He addresses the origins, developments and the aftermath of the Armenian genocide in a more wide range which is based on secondary and primary sources from the parties which were involved in the genocide. Particular interest is paid to the international context of ethnic polarization that was far culminated in the massive life and property destruction of 1912-1923 in Turkey, and obliteration of Armenian. Additionally, the book finds its interpretation of the Armenian genocide in the interaction with the Ottoman Empire in its period of terminal decline. Nevertheless, if finds out that the self-interested policies of the existing European imperial powers and the agenda of Armenian nationalists and beyond ottoman victory. The books is a good source of information of the twentieth century history in Europe and more specifically Armenia it can be used from high school studies all the way to college level The author of the book was a survivor of the Armenian genocide. According to him, Talaat who was a minister of interior and the main mastermind of the genocide fled fro turkey to seek refuge in Germany where he carried on and also laboured for pan-Turkism. Talaat was tried in absentia by Turkish authorities and was also

The most significant 3 pieces of legislation in American History since Essay

The most significant 3 pieces of legislation in American History since 1865 - Essay Example Both negative and positive effects of Reconstruction legislation remain today. New Deal legislation was designed to pull the country out of its worst ever economic depression and ease human misery by creating employment opportunities and welfare programs. Many New Deal programs remain today. Civil Rights legislation finished what Reconstruction legislation started in terms of legally ensuring equality for Blacks. It, in essence, leveled the playing field for minorities, women and the disabled and was the result of the most massive social movement in history. Booth’s bullet altered the course of the nation because Vice President Andrew Johnson and President Abraham Lincoln were often diametrically opposed regarding the reconstruction of the South and the degree of civil liberties the freed slaves were to be afforded. Johnson used the presidency to further his own agenda of oppression and revenge on the South following the Civil War. His actions retarded the progression of Reconstruction and in many ways stopped it altogether. The remnants of the Johnson Presidency felt in the South lasted long after his death. The devastated South never received economic help that had been previously promised by Lincoln thus never fully recovered economically. The oppression of Blacks likely continued to a greater degree and for a longer period of time due to Lincoln’s assassination. The cumulative amount of human misery caused by Johnson is incalculable. â€Å"Johnson, who took office after Lincoln’s death, was the only Southern se nator not to leave office upon secession. Lincoln had put him on the presidential ticket as a symbol of unity, but Johnson was a southern Democrat who was not sympathetic to Lincoln’s Republican Party or to helping the newly-freed slaves† (â€Å"What if†, 2007). Despite Johnson’s efforts to the contrary, Congress passed

Henry Kissinger and Richard Nixon Research Paper

Henry Kissinger and Richard Nixon - Research Paper Example He took over the responsibility of the secretary to the state and as the president’s advisor. This paper will highlight the contribution of President Nixon and Kissinger in the events surrounding the cold war. Kissinger was responsible for the implementation of majority of the diplomatic decisions that he discussed with the president. Although they worked together and made very crucial decisions, they did not trust each other. There was distrust between them and behind each other’s name; they threw insults at each other. President Nixon took advantage of the Jewish factor in Kissinger. Nixon always suspected that Kissinger was not completely honest with security matters. Despite this distrust, they plotted out a Cambodian mission during the Vietnam War. America indulged in the Vietnam War in support of the southern Vietnam that had not conformed to communism. The Vietnam War had its influence from the cold war. The Soviet Union had exerted its influence on the northern Vietnam while America was supporting the south. The two global powers sought to establish allies in this war depending on the whether country was willing to adopt communism or capitalism (Tudda, 2012). One of the policies involved the detente policy between the Soviet Union and China. Nixon and Kissinger wanted to establish a solution to the increasing tension in the cold war that was persisting at the time. Since America’s economic growth was becoming very slow during Nixon’s second term, he sought to establish ways in which he would reduce the tension of the war without additional expenses on the military (Tudda, 2012). Therefore, Kissinger and Nixon plotted the detente strategy. Implementation of the detente policy involved secret travels and negotiations with China. This strategy sought to convince the Soviet Union and China to withdraw the communist influence on northern Vietnam. Both Kissinger and Nixon made efforts to rebuild the strained relationship with China in order to ease the cold war tension. Although the initial attempts found China unyielding, the persistent diplomatic persuasion from Kissinger and Nixon would bear fruit in the end. However, it was not easy because Taiwan emerged to be an issue. There was a debate on whether Taiwan would adopt the policy as part of China or as an independent identity. It became confusing to determine whether the Sino-American negotiations were seeking to establish a solution for only China or the solution would apply to Taiwan (Burr, 2002). Nixon and Kissinger targeted to use the polycentrism of the socialist society to their advantage. Their China negotiations opened a triangular front of diplomacy. The strategy’s main objective was to open up ways in which America could continue exerting its foreign policies. In addition, the new policy would minimize the use of weapons by the two global powers. Some analysts view the strategy as one that implied level of political maturity. Others quest ion the real intentions of Kissinger and Nixon. However, it commendable that the policies eased the tension of the war largely giving the American people some hopes (Banyan, 2007). In addition, Nixon and Kissinger made more move s in ending the Vietnam War. Both South and North Vietnam and Cambodia had formed Indochina. The southern and northern Vietnam were fighting to gain autonomy from the

The most significant 3 pieces of legislation in American History since Essay

The most significant 3 pieces of legislation in American History since 1865 - Essay Example Both negative and positive effects of Reconstruction legislation remain today. New Deal legislation was designed to pull the country out of its worst ever economic depression and ease human misery by creating employment opportunities and welfare programs. Many New Deal programs remain today. Civil Rights legislation finished what Reconstruction legislation started in terms of legally ensuring equality for Blacks. It, in essence, leveled the playing field for minorities, women and the disabled and was the result of the most massive social movement in history. Booth’s bullet altered the course of the nation because Vice President Andrew Johnson and President Abraham Lincoln were often diametrically opposed regarding the reconstruction of the South and the degree of civil liberties the freed slaves were to be afforded. Johnson used the presidency to further his own agenda of oppression and revenge on the South following the Civil War. His actions retarded the progression of Reconstruction and in many ways stopped it altogether. The remnants of the Johnson Presidency felt in the South lasted long after his death. The devastated South never received economic help that had been previously promised by Lincoln thus never fully recovered economically. The oppression of Blacks likely continued to a greater degree and for a longer period of time due to Lincoln’s assassination. The cumulative amount of human misery caused by Johnson is incalculable. â€Å"Johnson, who took office after Lincoln’s death, was the only Southern se nator not to leave office upon secession. Lincoln had put him on the presidential ticket as a symbol of unity, but Johnson was a southern Democrat who was not sympathetic to Lincoln’s Republican Party or to helping the newly-freed slaves† (â€Å"What if†, 2007). Despite Johnson’s efforts to the contrary, Congress passed

Eriksons stages of psychosocial development Essay Example for Free

Eriksons stages of psychosocial development Essay 1. Carl Roger’s Humanistic theory is based upon the idea that everyone has the potential to make a contribution to society and be a good and likeable person if his or her needs are fulfilled. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers led the humanistic theory movement and it was Maslow who developed the â€Å"pyramid of needs†. Sigmund Freud’s Humanistic theory is based upon the idea that everyone has the potential to make a contribution to society and be a good and likeable person – if their needs are fulfilled. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers led the humanistic theory movement and it was Maslow who developed the â€Å"pyramid of needs†. Sigmund Freud believed that people have three levels of awareness, which are the conscious, preconscious, and the unconscious. Freud developed a detailed theory on how our own thoughts and feelings affect our actions. It is known as Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory. 2. The five basic traits that most describe differences in personality are Neuroticism A tendency to easily experience unpleasant emotions such as anxiety, anger, or depression. Extroversion Energy, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation and the company of others. Agreeableness A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Conscientiousness A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement. Openness to experience appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, and unusual ideas, imaginative and curious. Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order. Instead of focusing on sexual development, however, he was interested in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. He saw personality as developing throughout the lifetime and looked at identity crises at the focal point for each stage of human development. These eight stages were Trust Versus Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativist vs. Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs. Despair.

Report on end-of-life care provision

Report on end-of-life care provision Task: Think of a service/programme, which you believe could improve the quality of end-of-life care provision and write a report to management, in an attempt to persuade them to implement this service/programme. This report should include a description of the service, the rationale for its implementation and the perceived challenges. It would also be beneficial to show an awareness of any possible limitations of this service/programme and measures to minimize these. To the management, A way to improve the end-of-life care within our health care system would be by implementing the Gold Standards Framework. This framework was developed in 2000 by Dr Keri Thomas; a general practioner with a special interest in Palliative Care. I am writing in order to ask for the implementation of the Gold Standard Framework within our hospitals. The main purpose of this Gold Standard Framework is to provide training to us healthcare professionals and staff in order to enable â€Å"a gold standard of care for all people in the last years of life†. This is a systematic, evidence based way in optimizing patient care nearing end of life provided by healthcare professionals and healthcare workers. One must also state that according to the Department of Healths End of life Care Strategy (2008) they state that all organisations providing end of life care are expected to adopt a coordinated process such as the Gold Standards Framework. This framework also improves the coordination of care between nurses and members of the multi-disciplinary team. This framework focuses on seven key tasks mainly; communication, co-ordination, control of symptoms, continuity, continued learning, carer support and care of the dying. In order for this framework to be implemented successfully one must also evaluate current practice and identify the changes required. One must also identify the eligible patients undergoing palliative care and are at an end of life stage. Health care team meetings must also be organized within the multidisciplinary team. The Gold Standard Framework also aims at identifying and assessing symptoms at an earlier stage. This could be a possible limitation as it might not always be possible to anticipate which patients are during their last year of life. This could be easily tackled by using the prognostic screening tool provided with the Gold Standard Framework and with the help of monthly multi-disciplinary t eam meetings. Callaghan, Laking, Frey, Robinson Gott (2014) identified in their cross sectional study that the prognostic tools assist in identifying patients at an early stage whom would benefit from the Gold Standard Framework . This is a result of monthly discussions that would take place within the multidisciplinary team. Early identification allows enough time for healthcare professionals to determine patients wishes and prepare the patient and the relatives. The healthcare workers would also have enough time to adequately refer these patients accordingly such as palliative care services when needed. In their study conducted results showed the screening guides used would be the first step in implementing and identifying means by which we address patients’ needs. The authors also add that by these prognostic tools one will be able to also identify future anticipated patients whom would benefit from these services. Patients at an end-of-life stage have acknowledged five main goals for improved quality of care; to avoid prolonging dying, reduce the pressure on their families, to maintain relationships with relatives and loved ones and adequate pain and symptom management. Death and dying is a natural process of life but nowadays it is being seen as something to fear. Due to medical and technological advancements these have aided in prolonging life, which has urged many families to delay death and dying of their loved ones. This is a result of families wanting to spend time with their loved ones, this may also result in a far more traumatic event as false hope may be portrayed that life can be maintained. Technological advancements have made it more difficult for the persons implicated. However patients wishes and the caregivers wishes may not always be the same, therefore the implementation of the Gold Standard Framework will aide in supporting family members. Through early identification of the se patients, their wishes and goals would be planned into action and communicated with caregivers. Furthermore this framework will allow patients within the community to die where they would wish. This would make the experience less traumatic for family members as they would have been prepared and reduce the risk of creating false hope. The Gold Standard Framework provides quality improvement training and programmes to healthcare professionals in order to be able to provide gold standard care. This framework also provides tools and measures for support to healthcare professionals; the framework aims to provide on-going assessment to patients, good communication, the ability to improve quality of life and dying with dignity. It is known that a number of admissions to the acute hospital are due to dying patients, with the gold standard model this number is reduced with the help of earlier identification of these patients which would result in reduced hospital admissions. Patients would be identified at an earlier stage and the appropriate care and support would be provided to the patients and family, furthermore these patients would be followed up by community care services as part of the Gold Standard Framework. This framework will also aim to improve the coordination of care by providing better communication and cross-boundary care. As a result of successful completion and implementation of the gold standard model one would also perceive improved skills provided by healthcare professionals and improved confidence in providing care. This would also generate a better improved patient satisfaction throughout. Furthermore the Gold Standard Framework will reduce hospitalization and therefore reduce the cost associated. The Gold Standards Framework would also enable patients to feel secure and supported by planning care ahead. Family and patients would also feel empowered through the increase in communication and through working together with the patient. Support would be provided through the process, healthcare workers would be able to refer patients accordingly to community care services such as respite care, provisions of equipment and practical assistance. Relatives would also be followed thr ough bereavement support, one would have to plan ahead and form a protocol in dealing with relatives and helping them through the bereavement process. This is also stated by Payne (1999) where it is outlined that meeting carers’ needs would be an essential part, providing information, practical help and emotional support would result in a better patient outcome. I believe that with the implementation of this framework one would perceive some challenges and limitations but these can be identified at an early stage. One might find resistance from healthcare professionals to attend the training and meetings required in order to attain the Gold Standard Framework but these can be eliminated as there are various pathways in which one can receive the training. This could be easily negotiated between staff members in order to find the adequate time and place for training and multi-disciplinary meetings. Challenges that might also be associated with this framework may be the increased workload associated with this framework, as a result adequate support services are to be provided. It would also be vital to divide administrative work between co-workers; as a result this would also encourage their participation in professional development activities and within the framework itself. Furthermore the framework should be adjusted to our local services an d requirements; as a result improvements should be done accordingly. The patients informal carers must also be included within this framework, it is vital that they as well are taught and informed. Patients informal carers should also be empowered and assisted at home by Hospice services and community care nurses. These carers must also be trained and educated in what they should expect when their loved ones are dying and what they can do in order to allow the patients to die with dignity. The Gold Standard Framework also allows Advanced Care Planning which also allows the patients to inform care givers what is important to them, their spiritual needs or something they might need to do in order to allow and enable them to die with dignity. Implementing this framework will ensure the best possible care in the final days by anticipating the patients needs and providing the support and coping mechanisms required by the family. As a healthcare professional, the care of a dying patient is never easy and always proves as a challenging experience to all parties involved. However, implementation of the Gold Standard Framework aims at providing the best possible care to all individuals involved within the death of a dying patient. This framework will improve the quality of end-of-life care provided within our community and aiding other services presently provided by Hospice and MMDNA. Furthermore the successful implementation of this framework will also improve outcomes for our patients.

Evaluation Of The Lord Of The Flies Essay -- essays research papers

Evaluation of The Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lord of the Flies is a 202 page long adventure story written by William Golding in 1954 about a number of boys marooned on a tropical island and left to fend for themselves. While on the island, they discover quite a bit of evil within themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A few years after World War 2, a planeful of boys as young as 5 or 6 but most no older than 11 or 12 crashes near an uninhabited tropical island. As soon as they land, one of the eldest assumes leadership of the others, but not before befriending an overweight, asthmatic boy nicknamed Piggy. Ralph takes control of the boys and organizes a small expedition up the mountain. He meets Jack Merridew, the chief antagonist. Jack is then a leader of choir boys, but will soon turn into a leader of savages. On the mountain, Jack hunts but does not kill a pig. He vows to kill it the next time. On their return, Ralph holds an informational meeting and informs the boys that they will be safe, but that they must start a signal fire and set up temporary shelters until help can be found. A rumour of a beast is heard, but is quickly discounted as a nightmare. It will later be a major theme in the book. On the mountain, fire is created, but only through the use of Piggy's glasses. After Jack goes off to hunt and comes back, Ralph discusses the problems of people not working with Jack. Simon goes into the jungle alone and contemplates. The boys become used to the daily tasks on the island. The small children play all the time while the older ones do most of the work. The first flash of Jack's future warrior/hunter position as leader is shown as he comes back to camp with his face painted. A ship is spotted, but they find that the signal fire on the mountain has gone out, and the ship passes them by. Jack finally kills a pig, but Piggy criticizes him. In return, Jack slaps Piggy and breaks one of the lenses on his glasses. Ralph warns Jack to stop this destructive behaviour. Jack starts roasting the pig he had killed earlier. Jack does not initially give Ralph any food, but he does finally get some. Ralph calls an assembly after the feast. He verbally attacks all the boys for their neglect for the daily tasks that must be completed such as building shelters and keeping the fire lit. The fear of the beast grows even larger. Piggy begins t... ... government and rules must be carefully imposed to preserve order, like Hobbes, I would also be interested in knowing what his other philosophical positions were as he wrote this novel. Finally, I would be interested in knowing what particular event he witnessed or was part of in real life drove him to write this book. Could it have been an experience he had in World War II? What could have been so bad as to inspire a book of this passionate intensity?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although I disagree with Golding's view of the world as basically evil, his book is certainly a good argument for that position. It shockingly reveals that none have innocence and even the best among us can be brought down to a near-beast state, as even Ralph was by the end of the book, consigned to mindless running from the evil. I find it interesting how Golding made the Beast, the Lord of the Flies, the apparent evil in this book and the focus of the hunter's search, but in fact the Beast is the hunters themselves and the evil they represent. I think that although the brutality in the book may be a bit much for some, I do not think that Golding would have been able to get his point across without it.

Toward a Definition of Modernism Essay -- Modernism Opera Literature E

Toward a Definition of Modernism Lawrence B. Gamache’s article â€Å"Toward a Definition of Modernism† encapsulates in its title the challenges critics meet in their attempts to formulate a coherent theoretical modernist model, though the quintessential modernist works –even at the time of this 1987 article – are over sixty years old. Indeed, the sheer number of scholarly books and articles that discuss or contribute to the debate surrounding the definition of modernism indicates the extent to which modernism is a term whose only non-contentious consensus is that it its meaning is fraught with ambiguity. Susan Stanford Friedman’s contribution to the debate summarizes the theoretical crises thus: As terms in an evolving scholarly discourse, modern, modernity, and modernism constitute a critical Tower of Babel, a cacophony of categories that become increasingly useless the more inconsistently they are used. We can regard them as a parody of critical discourse in which everyone keeps talking at the same time in a language without common meanings. When terms mean radically different or contradictory things to people, then their use appears to threaten the project of scholarship/teaching altogether. (497) â€Å"Cacophony† aside, because there are some artists, though disparate in style and genre, who persistently make it into the debate, and who are universally regarded as modernist, such as T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, Picasso, Schoenberg, Stravinsky, or Frank Lloyd Wright, there must be a unifying or underlying principle that is essentially modernist. Notably, however, the sister arts drama and opera are absent from the genres represented by the â€Å"quintessential modernist works† of the artists above. (Although Picasso designed opera ... ... Tradition 2nd Ed. Ed. David Richter. Boston: Bedford, 1998. 1127-1141. Mathey, Francois. The Impressionists. Trans. Jean Steinberg. New York: Praeger, 1961. Puchner, Martin. â€Å"Modernism and Anti-theatricality: An Afterward.† Modern Drama 44.3 (2001): 355-361. Schonberg, Harold C. The Lives of the Great Composers. 1970. London: Futura, 1982. Stolba, K Marie. The Development of Western Music: A History 2nd Ed. Wisconsin: Brown and Benchmark, 1994. Trammell Skaggs, Carmen. â€Å"Modernity’s Revision of the Dancing Daughter: The Salome Narrative of Wilde and Strauss.† College Literature 29.3 (2002): 124-139. Yeats, William Butler. â€Å"My First Meeting with Oscar Wilde.† The Trembling of the Veil, in Autobiography. New York: Macmillan, 1916. 79-85. Rpt. in Oscar Wilde A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Richard Ellman. New Jersey: Prentice, 1969. 9-15.

Racism against the African-American Essay

African-Americans since the beginning of slavery have suffered extreme segregation in all sectors of life. This group of people formed the civil rights movement in order to fight for their rights. This paper looks at the significant events which have changed the course of the civil rights movement in the United States. This paper will include the past and contemporary experiences of societal discrimination for this population, theories of identity formation, issues, and challenges as well as potential problems that result from discrimination and oppression. Various systems which directly or indirectly maintain the marginal position of the African-American in the United States society will also be looked at. Marginalization of African-Americans in United States society in social circles will also be looked at. Introduction Approximately one fourth of African-Americans, fall below the poverty line and continue to survive in poverty in America today (Riphagen, n. d. ). It is claimed that more than 50% of all African-American children in the United States today are living in poor conditions (Riphagen, n. d. ). One big question that arises from simply looking at the level of poverty among African-American families is how this discouraging picture of poor living conditions of a single ethnic community is possible in an industrialized, wealthy, as well as superpower nation as the United States (Riphagen, n. d. ). In modern U. S. society, one of the chief challenges remains to be the disproportionate social status of cultural minorities as compared to the Caucasian inhabitants. Even though, the United States is a wealthy and a prosperous nation, it is the white population that reaps and benefits from unequal share of privileges (Marable, 2007). African-Americans, who make a sizeable percentage of the country’s populace and being the oldest minority community, form the major oppressed group. African-Americans, according to Bandele (2008), are yet to benefit from social, economic and political equality as compared to the Caucasian community within the country. Even though other minority communities, for example Latinos, are also subjected to racial discrimination, African-Americans tend to experience a more severe yoke in regards to absolute numbers as well as proportions of families suffering from discrimination in any given community (Childs, 1993). The extent of poor living conditions among African-Americans is very high, and poverty for a lot of African-Americans presently, as asserted by Childs (1993), is still a harsh reality. It would be right to state that the American Dream has avoided a very big percentage of the African-American community. Nevertheless, as Marable (1997) indicates, neoconservatives have taken other races, for example Latinos and Asian-Americans, as model minorities attaining values that make a distinction between them and the African-American underclass (Childs, 1993). As Caucasians become more and more contented with their ability to attain the American Dream and believe in its transmission to African-Americans, the latter become extremely doubtful whether the dream can actually be attained for them (Marable, 2007). This is, in the first place, a result of a disproportional starting point and in addition established American values that play a vital function in hardships African-Americans go through. The prevailing American values go on portraying and presume that in spite of someone’s ethnic background, economic status, and place of residence, handwork is a major strategy that can enable a person to climb the social ladder and set up a better life (Riphagen, n. d. ). The strength of this assertion, however, has to be questioned as in numerous contexts appears to be used to lay the blame on African-Americans themselves for living in poverty, as it portrays a lack of motivation as well as being lazy (Hutchinson, 1997). Over the last few decades, African-Americans have gained considerable increasing opportunities in economic, political, as well as social circles (Bandele, 2008). From a circumstance in which absence of civil rights legislation resulted in extreme segregation of African-Americans from the dominant communities, presently the same civil rights apply to all people regardless of their ethnic background or gender (Riphagen, n. d. ). Though this may appear promising, it is not as positive and comprehensive as it might seem. The same civil rights, as Riphagen (n. d. ) argues, might be used and transcend races, though without stipulations, investments, in addition to inclusion to maintain this upward movement; it appears a rather impossible goal to attain. Nevertheless, even though numerous opportunities and inclusion portrays an optimistic move forwards, in regards to opportunities, it has fatefully had some negative effects too (Cohen, 2006). As an outcome of increasing visibility of on the global as well as national scene and have the wave of political turbulence that occurred in the 1960s, significant pessimistic attentions in addition to more negative perceptions of Americans of African origin have arisen (Marable, 2007). Whereas people became bitterer towards African-Americans, other people of color acquired the benefit of the doubt, as aggression to those communities was decreasing. Caucasian supremacy, though many deny of its existence in the 21st century, is one of the major factors that resulted in the oppression of the African-American community (Riphagen, n. d. ). A big percentage of Caucasian-Americans continue to directly or indirectly carry out various activities based on the doctrines of white supremacy. Studies, according to Riphagen (n. d. ), have revealed that the culture of African-American oppression have remained much the same over the years. Scholars claim that racism is still alive in the U. S. although its effects are less severe and portrayed in a more indirect manner as compared to the past (Cohen, 2006). When the issue of discrimination of African-Americans is looked at, one cannot help, but ask why African-Americans faced and continue facing marginalization in the social circle especially in the modern United States (Jackson, 2004). A continued marginalization of African Americans: Racism against the African American Slavery in the United States is one of the most significant events that clearly underlie a conceptual comprehension of racial discrimination (Childs, 1993). Slavery of Americans of African origin resulted in greater freedom for the unfortunate whites, even though it maintained a social framework that made sure that the latter remained poor. From time immemorial African-Americans have been used to offer undesirable services to benefit the whites (Riphagen, n. d. ). Slavery was part and parcel of the early American society to an extent that it was codified by the law. Hecht, Jackson and Ribeau (2003), assert that from the beginning of slavery to the present day, African-Americans have collectively been fighting for freedom. Racial difference is believed by many to have been a major cause of the American Civil War. Variation in ethnic backgrounds is also perceived to have been a major hindrance for reconciliation. However, the Civil War is claimed by many to be the demarcation point for beginning of African-American nationalism. Though it was the war that ended slavery, it was the biggest social tragedy that America has ever experienced. After the war, the lines of ethnic division became exceedingly apparent again (Riphagen, n. d. ). Civil rights movements, as indicated by Riphagen (n. d. ), aimed at reclaiming the social position of African-American community emerged in the 1960s. The civil rights movement however, did not make any remarkable contribution for redistribution of wealth along racial lines, or to encourage extensive ethnic restructuring addressing race and racial discrimination at the time. Even though legal equality was achieved, politicians argued that the endeavors of civil rights movements were immaterial (Bandele, 2008). They claimed that the most appropriate way to handle racism was integration. Many whites did not take into account the distinctive race consciousness of African-Americans. Wherever civil rights activists emerged, this resulted in great anxiety amongst whites. Integration is therefore believed to have directly and indirectly resulted in neglect as well as lack of dedication to the vitality of African-American population (Childs, 1993). Research, as asserted by Riphagen (n. d. ), reveals that the skepticism of Caucasian-Americans to the notion that racial discrimination is the factor that hinders upwards mobility of African-Americans. A majority of the whites are comfortable with the way African-Americans in society are treated. On the other hand, however, African-Americans are embittered by the way the society, and in particular the white population treats them (Hecht, Jackson and Ribeau, 2003). It is unfortunate that bias towards African-Americans is only rising along with a stagnating image of progress of African-Americans community in regards to education, housing and job availability. Studies reveal that most whites in America believe that African-Americans are lazy and violent (Jackson, 2004). Research has also revealed that a majority of white-Americans believe that African-Americans live in poverty as a result of their lifestyle (Riphagen, n. d. ). This unending stigmatization of a whole race, grounded on group characteristics, highly discourages African-Americans from developing their talents and makes it very hard for them to succeed in the eyes of mainstream white-Americans. Bias, as Hecht, Jackson and Ribeau (2003) argues, also continues in situations whereby observations gathered from broadly concentrating on the African-American underclass who are not employed are taken as a representative of the broad sweep of African-American across American society. Nevertheless, inherent in focusing on the unemployed African-American underclass is possibly trying to avoid acknowledging unfair as well as racist practices and policies (Marable, 1997). The prison department in the United States, as illustrated by Free (2003), locks up more people as compared to other industrialized countries in the world. Another fact in regards to the U. S prisons is that the proportion of African-American in them is disproportionate as compared to other races. African-Americans make up the largest percentage of the prison population in the United States (Riphagen, n. d. ). This enormously grim image has been scrutinized by intellectuals to determine whether the criminal justice system is made up of a legitimized regulatory system over minority communities, or whether it is a fact that African –Americans commit more offenses (Free, 2003). All in all, there is a major difference in regards to the magnitude of the offenses committed by African-Americans and the extensive burden of the jail sentences by which they are penalized. Intellectuals perceive policies set in such a way as to put more African-Americans, particularly males, in jail as a clear scenario to regulate as well as restrict African-Americans communities in regards to activities and progress (Free, 2003). Selective rules, particularly targeted at offenses committed in grater ratio among African-Americans, have led to inconsiderate along with longer sentences for African-Americans. Free (2003) makes it clear that little, if any, strategies are put in place for treatment and prevention of crime making it quite clear that the exact agenda is to control the problem, instead of tackling the cause of the problem. The high rate of crime drives investors away from the African-American neighborhoods, in turn leading to adverse implications on the economic and social conditions of all African-Americans (Riphagen, n. d. ). Prisoners, majority of who are African-Americans males, in different states are banned from voting (Free, 2003). Research reveals that a very large percentage of African-American men are in prison as compared to those enrolled in formal education (Riphagen, n. d. ). Along with educational segregation, housing segregation is one of the most traumatizing systems in the United States today. African-Americans over the past fifty years have experienced the worst form of housing segregation as compared to other American communities. Housing segregation not only affects African-Americans of low socio-economic status, but also those of higher socio-economic strata (Marable, 2007). Housing segregation not only underpins unfairness, but also increases it. Various properties belonging to the African-Americans, due to the extremely segregated nature of separated locality, continues to suffer from devaluation in terms of its minimized desirability leading to a drop in value as compared to properties of equal nature found in predominantly white neighborhoods (Childs, 1993). This scenario makes white communities to move out of localities inhabited by majority African-Americans. Housing segregation is also displayed whereby estate agents only show African-Americans only a small proportion of existing housing, while steering white-Americans away from neighborhoods containing a large percentage of people of color (Free, 2003).